Apple Machine Learning Research2 min read
The Communication Bottleneck: A Round-Trip Study of Tree-Structured Expression Serialization in Language Models
When language models reason in chain-of-thought or exchange free-text intermediates, they serialize structured information into natural language. How much tree-structured compositional content survives this bottleneck?
By Apple ML Research
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Originally published by Apple ML Research on Sep 29, 2026.
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